A Reflection on the Sub-2 Marathon

A Reflection on the Sub-2 Marathon

By Coach Adolfo Salgueiro

If you have any interest in the sport of running, you already know the mythical 2-hour barrier for the marathon has fallen. As this blog is not for news reporting, and this happened barely 36 hours before this writing, I want to share a reflection and perspective on what these results at the London Marathon mean for our sport.

Reflections on the sub-2 marathon
Sure, super shoes help, but they are not what make Sebastian Sawe an elite runner (From RW Instagram feed)

When I ran my first marathon in 1983, the world record was 2:08:34 (Derek Clayton, 1969). Then, it started falling little by little. First by a few seconds, then surprisingly faster. As it approached the 2-hour mark, Nike put on the Eliud Kipchoge show in 2019, where he ran 1:59:40. Sure, it wasn’t official, and it wasn’t supposed to be. But it proved that a sub-2 was physiologically possible. And now it has happened in competition.

Was it the Super shoes?

Some would like to think that with shoes acting like springs, these new records mean nothing. As a purist, I would love to think that too, but we live in a world where progress, innovation, and new technologies are an intrinsic part of our lives, and we must accept it. If we didn’t, Formula One races would be on horseback, the Tour de France would be on bikes with no gears and iron frames, and running shoes would still be made of leather. The regulatory entities have taken measures to ensure certain basic conditions are met, so it is not a free-for-all. It is a step in the right direction, so we may avoid grey areas bordering cheating.

We must understand that super shoes will not make you, or me, a world-record contender. These runners are the best the world has ever seen. These shoes only provide the edge they need to get that little extra that puts them within the realm of possibility. They were already great runners before they tied those $500 Nike’s at the start of the 2026 London Marathon.

What’s next?

Back in May 1954, Roger Bannister ran the first sub-4-minute mile. It was a matter of time before he, Wes Santee, or John Landy got there. Bannister did it first. And once it was proven physiologically possible, the sub-4s started piling up. Landy shaved 1.4 seconds off Bannister’s record just 6 weeks later. And two months later, he lowered it again. 72 years later, over 1700 runners have gone sub-4. Still an elite group, but not that exclusive.

Why am I bringing this up? Because it has now been proven possible, expect the record set by Sebastian Sawe to fall again shortly and often. Just as Bannister, Sawe will always be remembered as the first. He is the Neil Armstrong of the Sub-2. Yomif Kejelcha made his marathon debut going sub-2, but 11 seconds behind, so he will always be the Buzz Aldrin of the sub-2. Impressive achievement, but not the first. This will not be an unbeatable record. Quite the contrary, it just established a new benchmark from where to keep improving.

I venture to predict that by the end of the year, after marathons like Valencia or Chicago, the record will fall again. And by the end of 2027, there will be 5 to 10 runners under 2.

Boston: Nike Sign Controversy

Since I am reflecting on recent events at Marathon Majors, I want to chime in on the Nike fiasco at the recent Boston Marathon. For those who don’t know, Nike set up a huge sign stating “Runners Welcome. Walkers Tolerated”, which sparked severe backlash and was quickly removed.

This is the controversial sign placed by Nike in Boston during Marathon week.

Was it insensitive? Was it stupid? Did Nike assume responsibility? Can you do something about it if you were offended? Yes, yes, yes, and yes.

First: No race states that you can’t walk. Until then, walk all you want. Orlando Pizzolato won the NYC Marathon in 1984 and walked. Nobody cried foul. Gelindo Bordin slowed down, walked, and was not stripped of his Olympic marathon gold medal in 1988. Want to walk? Walk! And don’t give a s*#% about what Nike has to say about it.

What really bothered me about this fiasco was the “offended professionals” taking it to social media. Those who enjoy feeling upset on your behalf so they can feel morally superior as they fight for “what’s right”. Most of those calling for the pitchforks had no stake in running, Boston, or Nike.

Just like you and me, Nike is protected by the First Amendment to make as many stupid statements as they please. Offended? Act. Don’t purchase a Nike product ever again. Show up at their headquarters in Beaverton and picket. A friend of mine didn’t like it and sold her Nike stock. She didn’t pout on Instagram; she took a stand.

Conclusion: Feel offended? Act or shut up! Pouting on social media is not taking action.

Please share your thoughts in the comment box below.

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Dr. Sheehan’s 3 Phases of the Athletic Journey

Dr. Sheehan’s 3 Phases of the Athletic Journey

By Coach Adolfo Salgueiro

I was recently reading a book by an author I’ve known for years, yet somehow never truly delved beyond his famous running quotes and the occasional column: Dr. George Sheehan.

The 3 Phases of Running: Train, Race, Reflect for Growth
Personal Best by Dr. George Sheehan

Dr. Sheehan was a physician, but his legacy lives on in running. A passionate marathoner and prolific writer, he captured the soul of the sport through his columns and books. He did not just write about miles, but about purpose, identity, and the human spirit. His words helped generations of runners live training not as exercise, but as a path to self-discovery.

Despite passing away in 1993, his legacy as one of the most influential running writers ever is undeniable. He wrote 12 books, starting in 1972.

A chapter from “Personal Best,” published in 1989, caught my attention because it proposes segmenting our athletic experience. Even though it is nothing revolutionary, stating the obvious reveals its genius.

The original text reads:

“The athletic experience can be divided into three parts. One is the preparation, the training of the body. Two is the event, the challenging of the self. And three, is the aftermath. And for the runner, the ultimate athletic experience is the marathon. It takes training and challenging and creating to the absolute limits.”

In 54 powerful words, we are invited to deconstruct our running lives and turn it into a rewarding yet challenging process for exploring our limits.

Let’s break it down so we can squeeze every morsel of our athletic journey.

1 – TRAINING OF THE BODY

While we may certainly enjoy better PRs in our favorite distances, we can choose from two approaches. Running ourselves to the ground and having a short career or taking the time to prepare so our body can be strong, resilient, and injury-resistant.

Living for the challenge of competition and craving the adrenaline rush of finish lines are part of the allure of the journey. Sheehan once said, “Racing is the lovemaking for the runner. It is hard to pass up”. And I agree. But to keep doing it constantly, year after year, we must teach the body.

It takes time, planning, and execution. It is a long road with no shortcuts. So, we’d better be smart and make the process enjoyable, or we won’t last the distance.

2 – CHALLENGE OF THE SELF

Ok. Here it is: The challenge. For us runners, it is usually racing, but it could be whatever gets your endorphins going. This is your personal journey. It may be breaking 20 or 30 in the 5K; or how far you can go before collapsing. The point is that you are in charge. You can’t run to fulfill someone else’s dream.

For Dr. Sheehan, the epitome of this challenge is the marathon: “The marathon fills our subconscious with this gospel. Taking a well-trained body through a grueling 26.2-mile race does immeasurably more for the self-concept and self-esteem than years with the best psychiatrist.”

The challenge of the self is an ever-changing target. Every success should create a new goal. Every failure (and they will happen) should trigger a reevaluation of the processes or even the goals. The challenge of the self is the most rewarding part of the journey.

The 3 Phases of Running: Train, Race, Reflect for Growth
Enjoying the process will be more rewarding than a wall full of medals, but if you play it smart, you can have both (ChatGPT Image)

3 – THE AFTERMATH

Every running cycle, every accomplished goal, every medal displayed on your wall, every PR, every time we fell short, or every time we just had fun with our friends is an opportunity to reap rewards from our efforts. And the more prepared you are for the journey, the longer and more enjoyable it will be.

In the same writing that gave birth to this blog post, Dr. Sheehan states: “The long-distance race is a struggle that results in self-discovery. It is an adventure into the limits of the self, representing for runners what has been called the moral equivalent of war—a theater for heroism, where the runner can do deeds of daring and greatness.”

My takeaway is that running can be a worthwhile, ever-changing journey if you allow it to be. But you must be purposeful and flexible, especially as you achieve your goals and pursue new ones as you get older. Enjoying the process will be more rewarding than a wall full of medals, but if you play it smart, you can have both.

Please let me know your thoughts in the comment box below.

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No Need to Overthink Your Cadence

No Need to Overthink Your Cadence

By Coach Adolfo Salgueiro

When it comes to running, cadence is one of those parameters everyone can relate to, as the concept is straightforward. Yet, upon deeper inspection, most people have no idea what to do with it. It’s a bit like BMI (body mass index): Okay, it’s 29.6. Great! Now what?

No Need to Overthink Your Cadence
Cadence is not a one-size-fits-all parameter (Image by Chat GPT)

The right running cadence can help reduce fatigue, become a more efficient runner, avoid injuries such as shin splints, and thus allow you to run longer. And while higher cadence can be beneficial, it is not the secret sauce that is missing from your training. And, if you don’t know what you’re doing, cutting your stride indiscriminately is not without its consequences.

Cadence is a simple, straightforward concept: the number of steps you take per minute. Each step starts when one leg touches the ground and ends when the other does. It measures both sides, and most running watches quantify it as a standard function. While most everyday runners’ cadence is around 160-170ish, it is usually higher for elite and track athletes. There’s even a myth about the  â€œmagic 180 cadence.”

The idea that all runners should aim for 180 steps per minute for maximum efficiency is traced back to observations by exercise physiologist and coach Jack Daniels during the 1984 Olympics. Daniels counted the cadence of elite distance runners and found that most were running at about 180 steps per minute, or slightly higher. His observation was descriptive, not a universal prescription. However, as the finding spread through coaching circles, books such as Daniels’ Running Formula, and running watches that track cadence, the nuance was lost. What began as an observation of elite runners gradually became gospel among many recreational runners.

The problem with 180 is that only a tiny fraction of runners will ever become Olympians. So, while 180 is indeed a great cadence, it depends on factors such as height, weight, leg length, structural issues, and now even shoes. The runner pushing a sub-3 marathon, wearing carbon-plated shoes, has different mechanical requirements than one aiming for his first sub-30 5K. You can’t expect both to run at a 180 turnover.

If you take away one thing from this post, may it be getting rid of that 180 myth. While it is a great cadence, it is not a magic pill that will have you winning marathons next year. Past and present elite distance runners have succeeded without 180. Meb Keflezighi, Galen Rupp, and Frank Shorter won Olympic marathon medals and were all most efficient in the low 170s. Bill Rodgers won four Bostons and four New Yorks between 160 and 170. Paula Radcliffe set the marathon world record, also around 170.

No Need to Overthink Your Cadence
Cadence is not a magic pill to solve all your running problems and have you set world records (Image by Grok)

Varying your cadence must have a clear intention; it is not just upping the number for the sake of more-is-better. Changing your mechanics without a purpose is a recipe for injury.

Bryan Heiderscheit, PhD, Director of the Runners’ Clinic at the University of Wisconsin Sports Medicine Center, explains: “Research shows that when runners increase their turnover, they reduce the impact on their knees and hips and often improve their stride mechanics. Increasing turnover will help the chances of your foot landing closer to or underneath your pelvis, reducing overstriding tendencies, and increasing your lower extremity stiffness with less bounce and braking in your steps.”

That said, reducing your stride to increase your cadence while still overstriding won’t help you at all. Quite the contrary. You will be overstriding more often, speeding up your breaking point, and thus increasing your risk of injury.

“If you’re going to increase your step rate, also try to land with your foot closer under your hips,” Heiderscheit says. “You don’t want to keep reaching in front of yourself.” Jonathan Beverly compliments the idea by stating: “My experience as a runner and coach confirms this: A faster cadence comes, in fact, as you learn to run tall, land closer, and push back-all part of the same process.”

In conclusion: Even though cadence is a simple concept, and the benefits of adjusting it are real, not every runner needs to do it, and not every leg malady gets solved by it. Assessing it and making a few adjustments is a good place to start, but if the issues don’t subside quickly, you may want to check with a physical therapist before continuing to adjust your cadence indiscriminately. You don’t want to end up with a stride that is too short for your frame, which will result not only in discomfort but in injury.

There are plenty of exercises and techniques to work properly on your cadence, but they are beyond the scope of this post. But beware: When researching online, make sure the author’s background and credentials are legitimate. Don’t just do what the flavor-of-the-month influencer recommends. They may know what they’re talking about, sure, but they may not.

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No Need to Overthink Your Cadence

A Few Pointers for Marathon Training Season

A Few Pointers for Marathon Training Season

By Coach Adolfo Salgueiro

As marathon training season arrives, you may be gearing up for the autumn Marathon Majors. Or perhaps you’ve chosen a less hyped, but equally fulfilling, 26.2. So, I invite you to reflect: why do you subject yourself to this fun—yet masochistic—activity? For 99% of the world’s population, it’s the equivalent of self-flagellation.

Running a marathon is way more than an instagram post iwth a medal and a goofy smile (Image bu Grok)
Running a marathon is way more than an Instagram post with a medal and a goofy smile (Image by Grok)

Some run a marathon to challenge their limits. Others just for bragging rights. Some want to fulfill a personal journey: 6-Star, 50 States, or something only you know. Regardless of your reason, it won’t define your legacy, affect your paycheck, or change the respect of your loved ones. Keep it in perspective. Enjoy the process. Suffer through with a smile. Embrace the suck.

Enjoying the process so you avoid burnout is the key to any successful marathon training cycle. Sure, it will be hard, and at some point, you will suffer. Absolutely, you will have to sacrifice certain events because you must train the next day. It is a given that something will eventually hurt. And somewhere during the process, you will question your sanity. But it won’t be a fulfilling process if you burn out. If you do, it will be miserable. Not worth pursuing and easily abandoned. So, let’s avoid that. Here’s how?

Remember why you started â–ș This is a personal journey, whether it’s your first or your 100th marathon. Make the training a connection to the personal reasons that brought you here. No one is forcing you to do this. Embrace failure (it will happen), grow through the struggle, and own the process.

Trust the Process, not just the pace â–ș While time goals are worthy and valid and marathon pace training is a key component to the puzzle, trusting the process is more important. Remember that training is about a multitude of stimuli; it is not about perfection. Hit the effort, learn from the session, don’t obsess over splits. If you trust the process, you should hit the pace.

It is your race â–ș Focus on your progress and don’t let other runners define you. Beating your friend or earning a BQ are legitimate goals. But if you focus only on those, you’ll drain your joy, push too hard, or skip recovery. This is your experience, and nobody else’s.

It is about consistency â–ș Consistency beats perfection every time. Miss a workout? Move forward. Focus on the next one. Flexibility is important, but don’t mistake it for complacency. Obsessing over a missed long run is stressful and unproductive, especially if you did complete the other 14 of 16 in your program. Life happens.

Fueling for a marathon goes beyond race day (Image by Grok)
Fueling for a marathon goes beyond race day (Image by Grok)

Fuel your body properly â–ș Running a marathon requires a ton of fuel, not just on race day, but throughout training. This is not the time to lose weight, try a new detox fad, or fear carbs. Make sure your body has enough energy to perform and repair, so you can keep moving forward.

Remain resilient through strength training â–ș Strength training supports running. It protects your muscles, improves durability, and reduces the risk of injury. What more do you need to be convinced? Don’t think you can skip legs just because you’re already running. You don’t want to find out why the hard way.

Respect and prioritize recovery as part of training â–ș Rest days and easier weeks bring adaptation. Fitness grows when training and recovery are combined. Massage and therapies are a waste if you don’t prioritize sleep. Recovery gadgets are useless if you think they can replace the rest day you need. Be smart. You are not a machine. You are not indestructible.

Make sure to have fun â–ș As I said at the start, remember the reason you started. Don’t let social pressures take over the fun and fulfillment of the journey. Don’t be afraid to go easy on easy days. Run with friends and laugh. Give yourself permission for that post-run beer. Remember, your finish time is not what defines you as a human being.

Running a marathon is a formidable achievement. The 26.2 is a remarkable adversary. The challenge of training is what makes it special. So, be present, be purposeful, and above all, enjoy the process. Finishing a marathon is way more than an Instagram post showing a medal and a goofy smile.

Please share your thoughts on this subject in the comment box below.

👉 Want the key takeaways of this blog post? Watch the video summary here.

Setting Your 2026 Running Goals

Setting Your 2026 Running Goals

By Coach Adolfo Salgueiro

We are facing a brand-new year. Twelve clean-slated months ready to be lived. 365 crisp calendar pages waiting to be filled with experiences, memories, and achievements. The time has come not only to have our goals ready but also to set up a plan to realize them.

If you, like most of us procrastinators, are not thoroughly prepared for 2026, please read below to follow a structure and get there before the final countdown of 2025.

â–ș Reflect on what happened in 2025 — To know where you are going, you must know where you are coming from. Understanding what made the previous year a success, less than that, or even a miserable failure, is the key to making the necessary adjustments. Adjustments will be needed to maintain the same trajectory or to find new paths to reach that elusive road to success. So, take your time to look back, reminisce, identify, understand, and realize before you take any steps towards defining what you want from your running in 2026.

â–ș Set up your 2026 goals now — Do not procrastinate. Figure out what you want from your running this year. Goals may be time-related (first 5K under 25), distance-related (finally getting to 1000), social (I want to make like-minded friends), health-related (losing those last few pounds), or a combination of everything. Adjustments and detours are expected, but to adjust and recenter, you must have a clear path to your destination.

â–ș Set up the path to achieve your goals  Antoine de Saint-ExupĂ©ry (yes, The Little Prince author) said that “a goal without a plan is just a wish. Right on point! You must know how to get there and how to do so on time. Goals may need steps, checklists, reassessments, checkpoints, rewrites, refinements, and more. For time-related goals, speedwork is essential, but a 5K PR is not the same as a marathon PR. Running your first 100-miler requires a different approach than your local Turkey Trot. So, know what you are doing, why, and when.

â–ș Register for the races If your goal is performance-related in a specific race, time, or distance, register for a race right now as soon as you are done reading this post. Nothing will get you more focused than having a date with destiny in your calendar. I know of no focusing tool sharper than spending the money on an upcoming race. And if your goal race hasn’t opened registration yet, register for another race so you can stay active and focused until the day comes.

â–șVenture outside your comfort zone — Running is a sport that, beyond the health and social benefits, can teach us so much about who we are and how the bounds of our limits are far beyond what we thought possible. So, don’t get comfy just on what you know. Set up an extravagant short-term goal to keep your training fresh and varied. If you like marathons and halves, push for the fastest 5K you can. If you like the shorter distances, set up a trial date for your fastest mile ever. The options are endless: run an ultra, venture into a trail, force yourself to run slower, etc. Your imagination is the limit.

â–ș Embrace failure — Failing is part of the process, and eventually, you will fail. You get up, dust off, figure out what happened, reassess, and keep moving forward. If you learned something from it, it is not a failure. And when you don’t get what you originally set out for, you get experience, which could be even more valuable than the original goal.

â–ș Remember you are doing this for fun — Unless your family’s economic survival depends on your running performance, you are just running because you like it. So, make sure everything you do contributes to the enjoyment and extension of your running journey, and the satisfaction of achieving your goals while keeping yourself injury-free.

My sincere wish for you in 2026, my dear reader, is a year of endless, injury-free miles and PRs in all your distances. May you plan properly to accomplish it all.

Tie Your Shoes. Seriously.

Tie Your Shoes. Seriously.

By Coach Adolfo Salgueiro

A couple of weeks ago, I was running a local 10K, and approaching Mile 3, I noticed a runner ahead of me, maybe in his early 40s. He caught my eye because of his weird running form. As I got closer, I saw that his left shoelace was undone. So, as I reached him, I did what a normal runner would do: “Hey, your shoelaces are undone”.

On tying your running shoes
This shouldn’t happen. Ever! (Image by ChatGPT)

As I passed him, he replied with some level of exasperation: “Yeah, I know! That’s why I am opening my leg to the left, so I don’t trip.” I shrugged my shoulders and kept running my race. My job was done. The guy thanked me, and that was that. I guess he must not have kissed the ground, since I didn’t see or hear any emergency vehicles on the road.

There are so many wrong things with the scene. I completed the race in a tad over one hour, so it is not like this runner was going for any earth-shattering world records. And even if he was going for a PR, this was not helping. How could someone decide the risk of tripping and falling on the asphalt with 2000 runners behind was not worth 30 seconds of your finishing time? How much saved time is worth getting injured, as you decided to change your mechanics to adjust your unlaced shoe?

I was wondering what kind of runner does not perform the most basic checks on their equipment before a race. And thus, here you are reading a blog post on the subject.

The scope of this post is not to teach you how to tie your shoes properly. There are too many ways to get into the top 10 here. And by now you should know how to tie your shoes.

Unless you have the finish line in plain sight, the right way to approach this situation is to step to the side, stop, redo shoelaces properly, both shoes, and then resume activity.

At the bare minimum, you should verify you have tied a double knot. And if the remaining lace is too long and is jumping all over the place, which will eventually make it looser, take the extra string and place it between the shoe’s tongue and laces. That will keep it secure for the duration of your run.

For every single run, not just a race, it is your responsibility to perform a basic check on all your equipment. How about these situations:

â–ș Imagine a shortstop with broken leather straps in his glove’s pocket when he is fielding a line drive and the winning run is on third base.

â–ș Imagine a referee at a soccer game checking the overtime in a championship match to find the watch has run out of battery.

â–ș Imagine a swimmer in the middle of a 400 combined with her swimming goggles hanging from her neck.

â–ș Imagine yourself in your goal race, pushing for a PR, and your shoelaces are undone.

Tting your running shoes properly
30 extra seconds will pay off in the long run (Photo: Tirachard Kumtano, Pexels)

And as we talk about shoelaces, understand that this is a generic reference to all your running equipment. All of it.

â–ș The time to realize your shorts’ elastic band won’t hold is not when you are 5 miles away from your car.

â–ș The time to realize you don’t have enough safety pins to attach your bib for tomorrow’s race is not right before you go to bed.

â–ș The time to figure out the sole of your shoe is separating is not when you still have 10 miles to go in your marathon.

â–ș The time to figure out that gel is expired is not when it is in your mouth just when you are counting on those extra calories.

â–ș The time to discover your headlamp has run out of battery is not in the middle of your night run.

We must own it. It is our responsibility to ensure that all our equipment is in good condition to perform the task at hand. And if it is not, assume that the only one to blame is yourself. Learn from it and make sure it never happens again.

Any stories you would like to share about basic equipment failures? Please do so in the comment box below.

The takeaways to this blog post are summarized in a YouTube video. You check it out by clicking here!

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